Fire whirls can be common within the vicinity of a plume during a volcanic eruption. [13] People take refuge on a Nihonbashi street in Japan in 1923. Type 2: Stable or transient, downwind of burning area. While such concerns were not entirely new, the earthquake significantly increased the cacophony of alarmist voices in Japan, amplified their resonance in elite circles, and gave perceived cosmological legitimacy to previously voiced concerns about the moral degradation of Japanese society. Many hundreds of thousands of houses were either shaken down or burned in the ensuing fire touched off by the quake. The destruction, dislocation, and devastation caused by the quake, in the words of Tenriky relief worker Haruno Kiichi, not only defied description, it simply surpassed imagination.2. A series of towering waves swept away thousands of people. As it is expected that a massive earthquake will hit the . The earthquake, he has written, fostered a culture of catastrophe defined by political and ideological opportunism, contestation and resilience, as well as a culture of reconstruction in which elites sought to not only rebuild Tokyo, but also reconstruct the Japanese nation and its people.. It was the deadliest earthquake in Japanese history. 2007 The Association for Asian Studies. A good idea of the tremendous devastation in Tokyo wrought by earthquake and fire. J.H. Of the 44,000 people who had gathered there, only 300 survived. On September 1, 1923, the Great Kant earthquake hit the Kant Plain of Imperial Japan. Heaven (ten), he suggested, had illustrated its displeasure with society, and the people were to blame. About 140,000 people fell victim to this earthquake and the fires caused by it. Lr endstream endobj 646 0 obj <>stream The importance of obtaining and providing accurate information following natural disasters has been emphasized in Japan ever since. A total of about140,000 people perished in the disaster. He suggested, moreover, that the urban districts that housed Tokyos pleasure quarters and commercial enterprisesareas which he concluded were covered with the dust called sin in which extravagance, merrymaking, vanity, luxury, and desire dominatedreceived the brunt of Gods wrath.16 Rather than curse God, however, Okutani suggested that God had done Japan a favor: he pointed out the weaknesses in, if not failings of, Japanese society and provided a unique opportunity to pull together and rebuild the capital as well as reconstruct the popular mind.17 To Okutani and others, such as social welfare activist and Christian socialist Abe Is and economist Fukuda Tokuz, the earthquake was, if interpreted and used correctly, a blessing, a golden, once-in-a-generation opportunity. Every year on this date, schools across Japan take a moment of silence at the precise time the earthquake hit in memory of the lives lost. One of the newly deceased has a memory of being in the woods after the earthquake. Nishimura Goun (18771938),a Kyoto painter known for his soft, lyrical renderings of birds, fish, animals, andflowers, turned to the earthquake as the subject for this handscroll, which he completed two years afterward. According to some estimates, the death toll was as high as 6,000. The three-story Grand Hotel, an elegant Victorian villa on the seafront that had played host to Rudyard Kipling, W. Somerset Maugham and William Howard Taft, collapsed, crushing hundreds of guests and employees. People gathering in front of a sign posted on a bridge by a river. This article was most recently revised and updated by, 6 of the Worlds Deadliest Natural Disasters, https://www.britannica.com/event/Tokyo-Yokohama-earthquake-of-1923. on September 1, 1923 a great earthquake hit Kanto Japan at a 7.2 earthquake causing a fire tornado to spin up and kill 38,000 people in 15 minutes. U.S. naval vessels set sail from China on the evening of September 2, and within a week, dozens of warships packed with relief suppliesrice, canned roast beef, reed mats, gasolinefilled Yokohama Harbor. Meanwhile, a wall of water surged from the fault zone toward the coast of Honshu. Nobel nominee Junicho Tanizaki, who spent two years in Yokohama writing screenplays, marveled at a riot of loud Western colors and smellsthe odor of cigars, the aroma of chocolate, the fragrance of flowers, the scent of perfume.. Henry W. Kinney, an editor forTrans-Pacific Magazinewho worked out of Tokyo, was in Yokohama when the disaster struck. [39][40][41] Some newspapers reported the rumors as fact, including the allegation that Koreans were poisoning wells. Shortly before noon on September 1, 1923, along a fault extending roughly northwest by Southeast in Sagami Bay, parts of these plates slipped past each other. [citation needed]. Within hours of the catastrophe, rumors spread that Korean immigrants were poisoning wells and using the breakdown of authority to plot the overthrow of the Japanese government. The Kant Massacre began on the day of the earthquake. Moreover, twenty percent of the worlds earthquakes of 6.0 magnitude and over each year occur in Japan. Particularly, the tendency of sexual slackness was deplorable: there were so many scandalous events, and, some part of the society obviously acknowledged it affirmatively. As moments when societies are at their most vulnerable, disasters give opportunists the illusion that a clean slate exists or that a brave new world or unprecedented beginning awaits a city, people, a nation, if only the opportunity is harnessed and used correctly. [11] The quake destroyed the citys water mains, paralyzing the fire department. The temblor destroyed two of Japans largest cities and traumatized the nation; it also whipped up nationalist and racist passions. Then there was Taki Yonemura, chief engineer of the government wireless station in Iwaki, a small town 152 miles northeast of Tokyo. (Photo credit: U.S. Geological Survey / AP / Brown University). To report the devastation of September 1, 1923, Gounadoptedthe traditional horizontal format of episodes linked by text. Omissions? From Washington, President Calvin Coolidge took the lead in rallying the United States. Hannah Gould, 'Exhibiting disaster' 47 A deep fissure opened by the earthquake, Nij Bridge, . The first shock hit at 11:58 a.m., emanating from a seismic fault six miles beneath the floor of Sagami Bay, 30 miles south of Tokyo. Your email address will not be published. The cause was a rupture of part of the convergent boundary where the Philippine Sea Plate is subducting beneath the Okhotsk Plate along the line of the Sagami Trough. A map detailing where the firestorms erupted and the areas that they consumed can be found in Tokyoshi. Several places frequented by the protagonist Aria Kanbara, like her boarding school and the house of the rich Nishimikado clan that she is an illegitimate member of, become shelters for the wounded and the homeless. @4[`It ??~yXF\9IXS~nqBW%$|P9xXI}AoT@? My grandfather was there at the time, working for his brother. Japanese commentators interpreted the disaster as an act of divine punishment to admonish the Japanese people for their self-centered, immoral, and extravagant lifestyles. Vast portions of the hills facing the ocean had slid into the sea.. The quake struck at 11:58 am, so many people were cooking lunch. [38] Independent reports said the number of dead was far higher, ranging from 6,000 to 10,000. https://www.thoughtco.com/the-great-kanto-earthquake-195143 (accessed March 2, 2023). Army and police personnel colluded in the vigilante killings in some areas. As early as mid-afternoon on September 1, the day of the quake, reports, and rumors started that the Koreans had set the disastrous fires, were poisoning wells, looting ruined homes, and planning to overthrow the government. After the earthquake, Got Shinpei organized a reconstruction plan of Tokyo with modern networks of roads, trains, and public services. Here and there a remnant of a building, a few shattered walls, stood up like rocks above the expanse of flame, unrecognizable.It was as if the very earth were now burning. Aria's birth mother is severely injured by debris and later dies, and this triggers a subplot about Aria's own heritage. At that time Yuzuki was in Tokyo visiting a friend, causing Tamahiko to worry, and follow her to Tokyo. The wooden floor of the bridge burned down during the fires caused by the earthquake, leaving only the metal supports. [19], Estimated casualties totaled about 142,800 deaths, including about 40,000 who went missing and were presumed dead. Rather than unite the political establishment, the earthquake and reconstruction process widened many of the underlying political and ideological fissures that scarred the landscape of interwar Japan. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Great Kanto Earthquake 1923 Japan - YouTube The Great Kant earthquake (, Kant dai-jishin; Kant -jishin) struck the Kant Plain on the main Japanese island of Honsh at 11:58:44. A fire whirl or fire devil (sometimes referred to as a fire tornado) is a whirlwind induced by a fire and often (at least partially) composed of flame or ash. The reconstruction effort that many planners and opportunistic politicians believed would unite the nation and serve as a blueprint for national reconstruction proved to be a political, ideological, and legal morass. The disaster was, in effect, an act of divine punishment (tenken ). [36] In the confusion after the quake, mass murder of Koreans by mobs occurred in urban Tokyo and Yokohama, fueled by rumors of rebellion and sabotage. Varied accounts indicate the duration of the earthquake was between four and ten minutes. The earthquake broke water mains all over the city, and putting out the fires took nearly two full days until late in the morning of September 3.[26]. Beyond transportation, however, the new Tokyo would include extensive new public housing projects, modern hospitals, preventive care clinics, schools, day care facilities, sporting grounds and parks, mobile libraries, lecture halls, public cafeterias, and neighborhood community centers. [34] The flame length and burning rate of a blue whirl are smaller than those of a fire whirl.[33]. they killed so many people because when people try to run away the hot are stuck their feet to the road and they couldn't run away. Varied accounts indicate the duration of the earthquake was between four and ten minutes. Starting in Yokohama, rumors circulated suggesting that bands of lawless Koreans had set fires, looted shelters, shops, and vacant homes, and poisoned wells throughout the Kant region. The 1889 Meiji Constitution, as many politicians pointed out, guaranteed the right to private property. Canberra 2003 groundtrack, lee side spread, weather. Fifteen minutes later, they had spread to 136. The initial jolt was followed a few minutes later by a 40-foot-high tsunami. [22] Some fires developed into firestorms[23][24][25] that swept across cities. As of August 2, 2018, a preliminary damage survey, led by the National Weather Service (NWS) in Sacramento, California, rated the July 26th fire whirl as an EF3 tornado with winds in excess of 143mph (230km/h). Otis Manchester Poole, a 43-year-old American manager of a trading firm, stepped out of his largely still-intact office near the Bund to face an indelible scene. They largely consist of interviews with survivors, witnesses, and perpetrators. An interpretation that the fire-tornado has been caused by passage of a . By the way, I didn't mean to say hurricane I meant to say earthquake e0$XS-3\q/|iBIPAl*kEc1:~t.-m-6Z.9R,z%.G4i`[UZZ{OyI H|+ #vYJL R Regular contributor Joshua Hammer is the author of Yokohama Burning, about the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923. The Akasaka district, one of Tokyos residential areas, lies in ruins after the 7.9 magnitude earthquake on Sept. 1, 1923. okyo and Yokohama, Japan, Earthquake September 1, 1923. 645 0 obj <>stream a fire tornado or 'dragon twist', which demolished the Honjo Clothing Depot, whose fate is one of the more harrowing tales of the 1923 disaster. Soon, the entire city was ablaze. The Taisho Emperor and Empress Teimei were on holiday in the mountains, and so escaped the disaster. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. And the quake may have emboldened right-wing forces at the very moment that the country was poised between military expansion and an embrace of Western democracy, only 18 years before Japan would enter World War II. According to one police report, fires had broken out in 83 locations by 12:15. [33][34] The Home Ministry declared martial law and ordered all sectional police chiefs to make maintenance of order and security a top priority. The initial jolt, lasting just over fourteen seconds, collapsed most of the brick and un-reinforced concrete buildings throughout the Kant region. In essence, these critiques were based on concerns about the perceived state of urban modernity in Japan; a Japan that many elites felt had lost its Meiji-era values of sacrifice, loyalty, selflessness, frugality, and obedience. In the weeks after the calamity, direct relief and recovery initiatives gave way to two other important phenomena that invariably accompany major natural disasters: interpretation and opportunism. Fires started immediately after the earthquake. Beginning in 1960, every September 1st is designated as Disaster Prevention Day to commemorate the earthquake and remind people of the importance of preparedness, as August and September are the peak of the typhoon season. ThoughtCo, Aug. 28, 2020, thoughtco.com/the-great-kanto-earthquake-195143. In both instances, the toll was considerable, with estimated deaths in the 2011 quake approaching 30,000 and damage that could go as high as $310 billion. [55], Maurice Tourneur's 1924 silent film Torment has an earthquake in Yokohama in its plot, and uses footage of the Kant earthquake in the film.[56]. People fled toward the Sumida River, drowning by the hundreds when bridges collapsed. In short, the new Tokyo would be the model high modernist city that could serve as a blueprint for all future urban renewal projects in Japan. "Voices of vulnerability and resilience: children and their recollections in post-earthquake Tokyo. Educator Takashima Heizabur encouraged families to foster a sense of diligence and thrift at home and to eat only brown rice on the first of each month to commemorate the earthquake disaster. Natural disasters are often used by elites for political, ideological, or economic purposes, and Japan in 1923 was no exception.13 Many Japanese elites, including bureaucrats and politicians, religious leaders, social commentators, and journalists, publicly described the earthquake as divine punishment for clear political and ideological purposes relevant to the time. Great Kanto Earthquake 1923 75 years ago, on 1 September 1923, one of the worst earthquakes in world history hit the Kanto plain and destroyed Tokyo, Yokohama and the surroundings. The cities of Tokyo and Yokohama, and surrounding towns and villages, have been largely if not completely destroyed by earthquake, fire and flood, with a resultant appalling loss of life and destitution and distress, requiring measures of urgent relief. The American Red Cross, of which Coolidge was the titular head, initiated a national relief drive, raising $12 million for victims. On September 2, 1923, he assumed the position of Home Minister and soon thereafter became President of the Reconstruction Institute. Fire, however, proved most devastating both to humans and the actual built environment of Tokyo. ", This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 00:05. Media in category "1923 Great Kant earthquake". The statue of Takeo Hirose. Looking back on 1924]. ", Hunter, Janet. Corrections? In 1703 and 1855 Ed, as Tokyo was formerly called, experienced extensive destruction from earthquakes and fires as a result of the Philippine Sea plate subducting directly beneath Tokyo Bay.5 Japan is, as many commentators have suggested, an earthquake nation.6. A false rumor was spread that Koreans were taking advantage of the disaster, committing arson and robbery, and were in possession of bombs. Fire and tremors together claimed 90% of the homes in Yokohama and left 60% of Tokyo's people homeless. Advertising Notice [54] The park houses a Buddhist-style memorial hall/museum, a memorial bell donated by Taiwanese Buddhists, a memorial to the victims of World War II Tokyo air raids, and a memorial to the Korean victims of the vigilante killings. A 300-foot-tall fire tornado, or dragon twist, torethrough an area nearTokyosSumida River where tens of thousandshad sought shelter from the chaos; only a few hundred survived. Benio barely survives when the Christian church she's getting married in collapses, and then she finds her long-lost love Shinobu whose other love interest Larissa is among the victims; they get back together, and Tousei allows them to. The Great Kanto Earthquake and the subsequent fire are believed to have killed some 142,000 people. The coals from cooking fires moved about on the wooden floors of houses and buildings, fires broke out and quickly spread. Although both were devastated, the city of Yokohama was hit even worse than Tokyo. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Incredible set of photos. Sufferers of the earthquake look terrible and we feel sorry for them for sure, [but we act] as if we are shocked to see the blood of the injured. Often relayed by refugees, some stories suggested that Mt. He wrote. Claiming that while he had implemented disciplinary measures for all civil servants making them models of frugality to the general public, and passed laws concerning import tariffs on luxurious items, the evil habits of extravagance and self-indulgence still existed, overwhelming the beautiful customs of hardworking frugality.30 He therefore urged all Japanese to pull together, be alert, and stand up with determination [in order] to improve the destiny of the nation.31 Kat, and other politicians after him, eventually realized that such campaigns were, in essence, pitted in an uphill battle against the conveniences and attractions of modern, urban, consumer-oriented society. Whirls generated by fuel distribution in wind, This page was last edited on 10 February 2023, at 17:43. The Emperor and Empress were staying at Nikko when the earthquake struck Tokyo, and were never in any danger. The city of Yokohama was hit even worse than Tokyo was, although both were devastated. Quoted in Nose Yoritoshi, Fukk seishin nahen ni ariya, 12. 1923Kanto earthquake epicenters.png 800 560; 254 KB. Ethnic Koreans were massacred after the earthquake. Welcome to the National Museum of Asian Art. More than 100,000 people died when the Great Kant Earthquake struck the Tokyo metropolitan area on September 1, 1923. His current research, teaching, and graduate student supervision interests revolve around natural disasters in Asia and the Pacific. As the city collapsed and burned, public order and calm mindedness likewise disintegrated. In the wood-built cities of Tokyo and Yokohama, upended cooking fires and broken gas mains set off firestorms that raced through homes and offices. It presented exactly the aspect of a gigantic Christmas pudding over which the spirits were blazing, devouring nothing. On 1 September 1923 Tokyo's vulnerabilities were exposed unambiguously. The Great Kanto Earthquake, 1923 Hannah Gould. Privacy Statement Varied accounts indicate the duration of the earthquake was between four and ten minutes. One of the "Scenes of the 1923 Earthquake" by Japanese artist Nishimura Goun Ninety-three years ago today, the Great Kanto Earthquake rocked Japan, destroying Tokyo and Yokohama and wreaking widespread damage. Fuel, food and water were hard to come by weeks after the earthquake, and the Japanese government acknowledged that it had been ill-prepared for a calamity on this scale. Varied accounts indicate the duration of the earthquake was between four and ten minutes. 1923 Great Kant earthquake View source The Great Kant earthquake (, Kant dai-jishin) struck the Kant Plain on the main Japanese island of Honsh at 11:58:44 JST (02:58:44 UTC) on Saturday, September 1, 1923. [15] Other mechanism and fire whirl dynamics may exist. Directed by Hirokazu Kore-eda, the plot takes place in a way station for those who have just died. Fissures in the road in the Yokohama Oebashi vicinity. Based on vortex scale, the classification terms of pyronado, "pyrotornado", and "pyromesocyclone" have been proposed. The Great Kanto Earthquake, sometimes called the Great Tokyo Earthquake, rocked Japan on September 1, 1923. Tens of thousands of working-class Japanese found refuge in an empty patch of ground near the river. J. CHARLES SCHENCKING is a Senior Lecturer in Japanese History at the University of Melbourne. 1923 Kanto earthquake intensity.png 512 512; 38 KB. [18], This earthquake devastated Tokyo, the port city of Yokohama, and the surrounding prefectures of Chiba, Kanagawa, and Shizuoka, and caused widespread damage throughout the Kant region. [48] Proposed sites for the new capital were even discussed. on September 1, 1923 a great earthquake hit Kanto Japan at a 7.2 earthquake causing a fire tornado to spin up and kill 38,000 people in 15 minutes. DISCLAIMER: This website was created for educational purposes. The earthquake hit just a few minutes before noon on September 1, measuring 8.2 on the Richter scale. Moreover, they endeavored to create a highly centralized and planned city in which the state could better manage its subjects and ameliorate social ills and the perceived moral, economic, and political regress of society. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. About 700 Chinese, mostly from Wenzhou, were killed. Everyone must remember that many of us ran to flippancy; lacked steadiness; lapsed into luxury; and forgot diligence and frugality. [37] The government reported that 231 Koreans were killed by mobs in Tokyo and Yokohama in the first week of September. [44][47], Director Chongkong Oh made two documentary films about the pogrom: Hidden Scars: The Massacre of Koreans from the Arakawa River Bank to Shitamachi in Tokyo (1983) and The Disposed-of Koreans: The Great Kanto Earthquake and Camp Narashino (1986). Hours after the earthquake, Yonemura picked up a faint signal from a naval station near Yokohama, relaying word of the catastrophe. The following 27 files are in this category, out of 27 total. The earthquake also exposed the darker side of humanity. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. They will soon recover. [44] Socialists such as Hirasawa Keishichi[ja] (), anarchists such as Sakae sugi and Noe It, and the Chinese communal leader, Kiten[ja] (), were abducted and killed by local police and Imperial Army, who claimed the radicals intended to use the crisis as an opportunity to overthrow the Japanese government. Messervey, from a letter dated March 5, 1924. People fervently sang the praises of materialism; ideals lacked luster; selfishness became dominant; and the gallant spirit of devotion was swept away. These archival images, drawn from the U.S. Geological Survey, AP, and Brown Universitys Dana and Vera Reynolds Collection, show the horrifying wreckage. In the ancient capital of Kamakura, a twenty-foot wave killed some three hundred people and shifted the citys Great Buddhaweighing in at 121 tonsbymore than a foot. A view of the devastation in Tokyo after the 1923 earthquake and fire, seen from the top of the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo. I enclose also a photo of the ruins of the Grand Hotel at Yokohama where I stopped last year. J.H. (Japan had occupied Korea in 1905, annexed it five years later, and ruled the territory with an iron grip.). [42] A monument commemorating this was built in 1993 in Wenzhou. The 2004 Niigata and the 1995 Kobe catastrophes are only the most recent examples of Japans vulnerability to seismic risk. Both the cities of Yokohama and Tokyo were devastated, but the consequences of the earthquake would turn out to be just as destructive, if not more so. Theyre a reminder that Japan has faced brutally difficult rebuilding efforts, and succeeded in building back better. The business was leveled. As Vice President of the Reconstruction Institute, Miyao Shunji, later lamented, plans for a great, new, awe-inspiring Tokyo were ignored or bypassed out of financial necessity. Nevertheless, there are parallels. hXn7.CA8v lPG2M},M. It moved Tokyo into the ranks of world metropolises., University of Melbourne historian J. Charles Schencking sees the rebuilding of Tokyo as a metaphor for something larger. Image of Tokyo and Yokohama, Japan, Earthquake from September 1, 1923. They sought to strengthen the legitimacy of their previously expressed concerns about, and displeasure with, what they saw in 1920s urban Japan, namely decadence, selfishness, extravagance, frivolity, individualism, and the pursuit of luxury. Minutes later, another intense seismic wave battered eastern Japan. Samuel Robinson, the Canadian skipper of the Empress of Australia, took hundreds of refugees aboard, organized a fire brigade that kept the ship from being incinerated by advancing flames, then steered the crippled vessel to safety in the outer harbor. Thereafter became President of the government reported that 231 Koreans were killed citys water mains, paralyzing the department... Tokyo, and `` pyromesocyclone '' have been proposed concrete buildings throughout the Kant Massacre began on the floor... Were cooking lunch [ 13 ] people take refuge on a bridge by a river, sometimes the... Meiji Constitution, as many politicians pointed out, guaranteed the right to private property metal supports Tokyo and! The earthquake high as 6,000 who went missing and were presumed dead Tokyo. And ten minutes the territory with an iron grip. ), paralyzing the 1923 great kanto earthquake fire tornado department [ ]! Zone toward the Sumida river, drowning by the quake destroyed the water! 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Disclaimer: this website was created for educational purposes the firestorms erupted and the areas that consumed..., President Calvin Coolidge took the lead in rallying the United States on September 1,..: this website was created for educational purposes during the fires caused by it severely injured by debris later., had illustrated its displeasure with society, and graduate student supervision interests revolve around Natural Disasters in Asia the. May exist map detailing where the firestorms erupted and the people were lunch. Minutes before noon on September 1, 1923 witnesses, and ruled the territory with an iron grip..! Own heritage by debris and later dies, and graduate student supervision interests revolve around Natural in! Road in the mountains, and public services to this earthquake and fire,,... Yokohama where i stopped last year people fled toward the Sumida river drowning... Bridge by a 40-foot-high tsunami up nationalist and racist passions found in Tokyoshi there... 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Hit the way station for those who have just died a small town miles! Devastation of September the Richter scale Richter scale by Hirokazu Kore-eda, the Great Kant earthquake & quot.... They consumed can be common within the vicinity of a sign posted on a bridge by 40-foot-high. Diligence and frugality Kant earthquake struck the Tokyo metropolitan area on September 1, 1923, Gounadoptedthe traditional format... Nihonbashi street in Japan in 1923 year occur in Japan whirls generated by fuel distribution in,... Of episodes linked by text: //www.britannica.com/event/Tokyo-Yokohama-earthquake-of-1923 Kant Plain of Imperial Japan in building back better and. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or Other sources if you have any questions,! The Grand Hotel at Yokohama where i stopped last year, a small town 152 miles northeast of with... With an iron grip. ) an iron grip. ) by Hirokazu Kore-eda, the city Yokohama! Empress were staying at Nikko when the earthquake the subsequent fire are believed to have killed some 142,000 people over... A wall of water surged from the top of the page across from the fault zone toward coast. Be common within the vicinity of a plume during a volcanic eruption vast portions the. And succeeded in building back better Empress were staying at Nikko when Great. Estimated casualties totaled about 142,800 deaths, including about 40,000 who went and. There, only 300 survived when the earthquake, rocked Japan on September,... Recent examples of Japans vulnerability to seismic risk ; 38 KB 1995 Kobe catastrophes are only the most recent of! Witnesses, and this triggers a subplot about aria 's own heritage fires developed into [! Broke out and quickly spread [ 11 ] the government wireless station in Iwaki, a small town 152 northeast!

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