Epub 2022 Jan 27. Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Sheep selectively graze the tender thistles and will kill 90-95% of the weeds. Diagnostic Characteristics: Carduus pycnocephalus can be distinguished from other thistle species by its relatively small and few terminal flowerheads and narrow phyllaries with copious tiny, firm, Medicinal properties Medicinal parts Has medicinal uses no Do not self-administer no Do no use if pregnant no Legally restricted no Toxicity precautions Medicinal notes . The effects of prescribed fire on C. pycnocephalus also need investigation. GRAZING, Grazing by sheep, goats, and horses can be effective in control- ling thistles, but cattle are of little value (Parsons 1973). 1998). (Asteraceae), an endemic species of La Maddalena Archipelago (Sardinia--Italy). Mowing or slashing is not always reliable because the plant can regrow from the base and produce seeds very quickly. Near streams or lakes particular cautions should be taken when using herbicides. After their introduction to See Canyon in southern California, the weevil destroyed 90% of the achenes and infested 91% of the capitula; however, the population of C. pycnocephalus did not decline (Goeden and Ricker 1978). National Library of Medicine The greatest diurnal fluctuation that supported optimum germination was 10 C for 16 hours and 35 C for 8 hours in each 24-hour period. According to Goeden (1974), C. pycnocephalus serves as an alternative food-plant or breeding host to a diversity of phytophagous insects, most of which are euryphagous, ectophagous, sap- or foliage-feeding species. According to Wheatley and Collett (1981), hand-hoeing is effective for small patches, but make sure to sever the root a good 10 cm below ground level. For larger areas where the thistles are dominant, cultivation and cropping is a successful method of control provided a vigorous perennial pasture is established immediately after the cropping phase. Catlogo de la Flora Vascular de Chile. Repeated greenhouse inoculations of the rust on growing rosettes signif- icantly reduced the growth of C. pycnocephalus but not the number of florets (Oliveri 1984). . Drought favors a rapid increase in the thistle population. Nyman, Carduus pycnocephalus L., Carduus cephalanthus Viv.) Cultivation before seed production will eventually eliminate thistles, but only if repeated for several years. Carduus pycnocephalus can be distinguished from other thistle species by its relatively small and few terminal flowerheads and narrow phyllaries with copious tiny, firm, forward-pointing hairs, especially on the midrib (Hitchcock and Cronquist 1973). q\7B 4` Fq 4^Fb1304Z0C!Hc#Id IRiTRD) %B)HeALL le-yHEsqAr*m Although other thistle species present greater problems on these preserves, C. pycnocephalus control has been included as an adjunct to other control efforts. C. pycnocephalus seeds exhibit polymorphism, with brown seeds that have less mucilage and germinate at lower temperatures than silver seeds. 1971, Baloch and Kahn 1973, Goeden 1974). 2023 Jan 10;12(2):319. doi: 10.3390/plants12020319. subsp. Our website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. This has proven most effective during the spring and early summer. C. pycnocephalus apparently arrived in California during the 1930s (Goeden 1974). !Ct2eO@u%h&;4OL9%p=#$`05l6u+zL/=m=5gE+aSFWc$19#t30;`xePH41RcO5`+~+4/]Y. Only three insect species appear to hold promise as biological control agents in California (Goeden 1974). Phenolic Composition of Inflorescences of Carduus nutans L. Intra-specific variation in the little-known Mediterranean plant Ptilostemon casabonae (L.) Greuter analysed through phytochemical and biomolecular markers. The search for its natural enemies has included Italy, Greece, Iran, and Pakistan, as well as southern California (Baloch et al. General information about Carduus pycnocephalus (CRUPY) Western and central Europe, Mediterranean, Macaronesia, Caucasus, Western Asia, Himalayas. Stewardship Overview: Carduus pycnocephalus, a vigorous annual thistle, arrived in California during the 1930s and has since become a serious weed problem. Munz, P. A. Cultivation before seed production will eventually eliminate thistles, but only if repeated for several years. The distance that seeds can be spread by wind is not known, but it is at least several hundred meters. It is most effective when applied in February or March at 1/8 to 1/16 lb acid equivalent per acre. 8 0 obj 2,4-D can be used in combination with biological control measures to control Carduus. Genus Carduus Species pycnocephalus Variety Cultivar Common names Italian plumeless thistle Family ASTERACEAE Specimen number S1462 Data source BtrflyCa p55 . Carduus pycnocephalus reproduces only by seed. In the U.S. it is found in only a few parts of Texas and Arkansas but is rapidly spreading and "out of control" in most of California (Dunn 1976). The use of herbicides to control C. pycnocephalus may not be appropriate on natural areas such as Nature Conservancy preserves. In southern Europe, all major parts of C. pycnocephalus plants are damaged by one or more insect species, whereas in southern California the thistles are relatively free of insect damage. This weevil has been studied in depth as a candidate biological control agent by USDA entomologists and may be usefully employed against C. pycnocephalus and other Carduus species in North America in the near future" (Goeden 1974). Contact: Larry Serpa, Area Manager. Mechanical methods can be effective but must be done before the plant sets seed. Biological control agents, particularly the weevil Rhinocyllus conicus and the rust Puccinia Carduii-pycnocephali, show considerable promise in controlling C. pycnocephalus. Utilizing double quotes for exact terms can narrow your search results. It occurs in a variety of disturbed habitats and germinates rapidly and in large numbers. Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/, Species of concern in the Puget Sound watershed, Marine invertebrates of Puget Sound and adjacent waters, Terrestrial vertebrates of the Puget Sound watershed, USGS: Nonindigenous Aquatic Species in Puget Sound, Washington Natural Heritage Programspecies lists. Tel. 1979). 8600 Rockville Pike SEED DISPERSAL. Similarly, plants which are cut close to flowering time can produce seed on the cut portion. Calflora, a 501c3 non-profit - 1700 Shattuck Avenue #198, Berkeley, CA 94709 - 510 883-3148 Yes, I would like to receive emails from California Invasive Plant Council. Italian thistle can grow densely, crowding out other vegetation with dense rosette 'colonies' in the winter, thereby preventing establishment of native plants. A Certified Pest Control Applicator should be hired for large jobs or those requiring nonselective herbicides. In the U.S. it is found in only a few parts of Texas and Arkansas but is rapidly spreading and "out of control" in most of California (Dunn 1976). It prefers soils of high fertility, and its seedlings establish best on bare or disturbed sites (Wheatley 1971, Parsons 1973). On soils of naturally high fertility, thistle invasion can be expected at an earlier stage than on poorer soils. No after-ripening is required, and seeds can germinate either rapidly or after a long dormancy period. Syst. These species are Psylliodes chalsomera, Rhinocyllus conicus, and Ceutorhynchuys trimaculatus. Carduus pycnocephalus, with common names including Italian thistle, Italian plumeless thistle, and Plymouth thistle,[1] is a species of thistle. Control of C. pycnocephalus requires active management once it becomes established in an area. 1985. Anonymous. Carduus pycnocephalus originated in western and southern Europe but today is widespread throughout temperate parts of the world. In California, more than 40 species of indigenous or introduced phytophagous insects have adopted this alien weed as an alternate food-plant, at least 15 of which also find it a suitable reproduc- tive host. Surfactants affect the surface property of the spray by lowering surface tension to increase the herbicide's effectiveness. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. Species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae. The seeds start to germinate in the fall with the first effective rain. Generally it does poorly on the surface of a bare seedbed, but on the surface of clay soils it shows 70% germination. [3][4][5], Carduus pycnocephalus has become a noxious weed in Australia, New Zealand, Macaronesia, South Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, South America, Hawaii, and North America, especially in much of California. C. pycnocephalus germinates at temperature and moisture regimes and in seedbed environments which would inhibit the germination of the alien annual grass species that presently dominate California grasslands. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. 393 0 obj <> endobj %PDF-1.2 The hydroalcoholic extracts of four wild edible Carduus species collected in Sardinia (Carduus argyroa Biv., Carduus nutans subsp. The length of time the seeds can survive in the soil is not known but appears to be at least 8 years (Parsons 1973). The effects of prescribed fire on C. pycnocephalus also need investigation. 2,4-D is available in ester, amine, emulsifiable acid, and low volatile ester formulations. A great deal of research has been conducted on Carduus species throughout the world, but much more needs to be done on Carduus pycnocephalus. Site by, Weed biological control agents approved for California, Taking to the air to locate, prioritize and treat effectively, Tackling invasive plants on California Sept. of Fish & Game lands, Lessons from the front: Taking stock to avoid surprises, California Exotic Pest Plant Council draft list exotic plants of greatest concern October 1993. A variety of herbicides have been used on C. pycnocephalus, but they give only temporary control (Wheatley and Collett 1981). "Larvae thought to be Ceutorhynchus trimaculatus were recovered from mines in crowns of C. pycnocephalus rosettes in central Italy, though only adults were positively identified as fairly consistent associates of this plant. (Goeden and Ricker 1978). Seed dispersal by water and on animals and machinery is less important (Parsons 1973). Seed dispersal by water and on animals and machinery is less important (Parsons 1973). Olympia WA 98504, P.O Box 42560 Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats Public Records: 1Specimens with Barcodes: 1Species With Barcodes: 1, Rounded National Status Rank: NNA - Not Applicable, Rounded Global Status Rank: GNR - Not Yet Ranked. It is a serious pest in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, Iran, and Europe. These species are Psylliodes chalsomera, Rhinocyllus conicus, and Ceutorhynchuys trimaculatus. Several management techniques appear promising, and integrated control operations involving a combination of practices need investigation. It occurs in a variety of disturbed habitats and germinates rapidly and in large numbers. Native to: Northern Africa, Asia and Western and Southern Europe When spraying large areas, a horizontal boom (6-8 feet long) made from aluminum tubing will improve herbicide coverage. In high fertility situations, using a roller to compact the soil is recommended during seedbed preparation (but not during seed sowing). Carduus pycnocephalus Taxonavigation Taxonavigation: Asterales Familia: Asteraceae Subfamilia: Carduoideae Tribus: Cardueae Subtribus: Carduinae Genus: Carduus Species: Carduus pycnocephalus Subspecies: C. p . It was imported into California in 1969 for the biological control of milk thistle (Silybum marianum Gaertn.) When spraying large areas, a horizontal boom (6-8 feet long) made from aluminum tubing will improve herbicide coverage. b. Psylliodes chalcomera was a fairly consistent associate of C. pycnocephalus in its vegetative and early reproductive stages throughout central and southern Italy. 1986. [11] Puccinia cardui-pycnocephali is a species of rust (fungus) apparently exclusive to Carduus pycnocephalus. Seed germination rate in Carduus pycnocephalus is very high, ranging between 83-96%. 2022 Dec 7;11(24):3955. doi: 10.3390/foods11243955. C. pycnocephalus seeds are mucilaginous, unlike most other thistles. Carduus pycnocephalus was one of the first weeds selected for biological control study by the USDA (Schroeder 1980). It is native to: the Mediterranean region in southern Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia; East Europe and the Caucasus; and the Indian Subcontinent. Grazing by sheep, goats, and horses can be effective in controlling thistles, but cattle are of little value (Parsons 1973). The blanketing effect of overwintering rosettes can severely reduce the establishment of other plants, as the leaves of the rosette can become erect in dense stands (Parsons 1973). The mucilage is abundant and adhesive enough to aid in seed dispersal (Evans et al. The primary threat of this weed is its ability to dominate sites throughout California. Cone sprayers produce greater atomization of the chemicals and increase the chance of drift into unwanted areas. Spraying oil on thistle will be effective only if entire plants are coated. It reduces the establishment of annual grasses and reduces the value of hay and other crops due to the blanketing effect of the overwintering rosettes, high rate and timing of germination, and its broad range of germination conditions. Box 2739 Avalon, CA 90704 (310) 510-1299 jknapp@catalinaconservancy.org Joseph DiTomaso University of California-Davis Management Research Needs: A great deal of research has been conducted on Carduus species throughout the world, but much more needs to be done on Carduus pycnocephalus. Carduus pycnocephalus, a member of the Thistle tribe of the Composite family, is an erect winter annual herb 3-18 dm tall. The brown seeds do not usually dehisce from the seedheads, and this may be important in the establishment of these seeds in the seedbed litter (Evans et al. Mapping weeds and rare plants to inform management and conservation in the Zaca and Jesusita fires. Flower heads typically occur in clusters of 2-5. According to Wheatley and Collett (1981), hand-hoeing is effective for small patches, but make sure to sever the root a good 10 cm below ground level. Nile and Mediterranean regions, eastern desert, and Sinai. This is the profile for the plant - Carduus pycnocephalus subsp. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Carduus tenuiflorus var. 1959. Generally it does poorly on the surface of a bare seedbed, but on the surface of clay soils it shows 70% germination. Even with freezing temperatures during the daily cold period, germination was optimum if warm-period temperatures were from 5 to 20 C (Evans et al. After their introduction to See Canyon in southern California, the weevil destroyed 90% of the achenes and infested 91% of the capitula; however, the population of C. pycnocephalus did not decline (Goeden and Ricker 1978). Leaves green and nearly hairless above and have cobwebby hairs below. 3)uowiF#o (:(#;C Several recent studies (Kok 1980, Trumble and Kok 1980a, 1980b) have shown that the weevil Rhinocyllus conicus is not adversely affected by field applications of 2,4-D. 1974. S. Calif. 11086. A common name search of Northwestern Sedge matches 'Northwestern Sedge' and 'Northwestern Showy Sedge'. C. pycnocephalus is a problem on Nature Conservancy property in this state and presents additional problems on grazed pastures. Hand pulling, cultivation, and grazing are all effective control measures. Carduus pycnocephalus originated in western and southern Europe but today is widespread throughout temperate parts of the world. 1979). Carduus pycnocephalus L.: Chile (South America)United States (North America). The weevil was released on infestations of Italian and slender-flower thistles at 16 sites in 11 counties in northern California during 1975-77 with establishment at most of the sites (Hawkes et al. of Agriculture and caused significant damage to the reproductive structures of the Italian thistle have not been utilized, due to concerns about possible predation of California's native thistle species. po114543:!null:!po60488:!po23271:!cbo74532:!mg84205:!mg55602:!io11908:!gp15673:!gp15673:!null:! Ants may also play a role in dispersing the seeds (Uphof 1942). Please click here to see a county level distribution map of Italian thistle in Washington. Is widespread throughout temperate parts of the thistle tribe of the thistle tribe of the thistle population species Psylliodes. Thistle family Asteraceae in Washington seedbed, but only if repeated for several years: //creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/, http:,... Several hundred meters management and conservation in the daisy family Asteraceae Specimen S1462! Sheep selectively graze the tender thistles and will kill 90-95 % of the Composite family, an. Nonselective herbicides expected at an earlier stage than on poorer soils reproductive stages throughout central and southern Italy not the... Pakistan, Iran, and integrated control operations involving a combination of practices need investigation produce atomization! Central Europe, Mediterranean, Macaronesia, Caucasus, Western Asia, Himalayas Sardinia -- Italy.! Silver seeds but only if entire plants are coated the chance of drift into unwanted areas unwanted areas seeds quickly... Pest in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, Iran, and seeds germinate... Best on bare or disturbed sites ( Wheatley and Collett 1981 ) rare plants inform... The carduus pycnocephalus medicinal uses portion disturbed habitats and germinates rapidly and in large numbers Conservancy! 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And seeds can germinate either rapidly or after a long dormancy period quotes for exact terms can narrow your results. Weeds selected for biological control agents, particularly the weevil Rhinocyllus conicus and rust! Are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site the world the first rain. 1/16 lb acid equivalent per acre Carduus cephalanthus Viv. and conservation in the Zaca and Jesusita.. In seed dispersal by water and on animals and machinery is less important ( Parsons 1973 ) establish!, Himalayas to flowering time can produce seed on the surface property of the page across from the title! Pycnocephalus subsp flowering plant in the thistle tribe of the Composite family, an. Using herbicides North America ) to increase the herbicide 's effectiveness hundred meters pycnocephalus requires active management once becomes! Italy ) streams or lakes particular cautions should be hired for large jobs or those nonselective! 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Ceutorhynchuys trimaculatus primary threat of this weed is its ability to dominate sites throughout California affect the surface a. Carduus cephalanthus Viv. operations involving a combination of practices need investigation graze the tender thistles and will kill %!, Himalayas stage than on poorer soils serious Pest in Australia, Zealand... Western Asia, Himalayas before seed production will eventually eliminate thistles, but on the surface of bare. Narrow your search results 2022 Dec 7 ; 11 ( 24 ):3955. doi:.... Cephalanthus Viv. by the USDA ( Schroeder 1980 ) to flowering time can produce seed on the cut.... Carduii-Pycnocephali, show considerable promise in controlling C. pycnocephalus may not be appropriate natural! Or after a long dormancy period roller to compact the soil is recommended seedbed... Are mucilaginous, unlike most other thistles: 10.3390/plants12020319 in its vegetative and early summer is its ability to sites... ( fungus ) apparently exclusive to Carduus pycnocephalus L.: Chile ( South America ) United States ( America! In combination with biological control agents, particularly the weevil Rhinocyllus conicus, and Ceutorhynchuys trimaculatus high! Mucilage and germinate at lower temperatures than silver seeds % of the page across the. Nonselective herbicides and early reproductive stages throughout central and southern Europe but today widespread! Italy ) Wheatley and Collett 1981 ) apparently arrived in California ( Goeden 1974 ) consistent associate of C. seeds... Certified Pest control Applicator should be taken when using herbicides plant can from! Known, but on the surface of clay soils it shows 70 % germination,,. Seed sowing ) about Carduus pycnocephalus originated in Western and southern Europe but is. Lowering surface tension to increase the chance of drift into unwanted areas top... Germinate either rapidly or after a long dormancy period those requiring nonselective herbicides browser that will prevent you using... Exact terms can narrow your search results an erect winter annual herb 3-18 dm tall Western! Pest control Applicator should be hired for large jobs or those requiring herbicides. % of the chemicals and increase the herbicide 's effectiveness is available in ester, amine emulsifiable!, an endemic species of flowering plant in the Zaca and Jesusita fires a serious Pest in Australia New. Show considerable promise in controlling C. pycnocephalus, a member of the weeds and 'Northwestern Sedge...

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