But, all around the world, including in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, women and girls are not in control over their bodies and their lives. In America, is bodily autonomy a human right? We help governments measure and track autonomy so they can monitor progress and fulfil their human rights obligations. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Your email address will not be published. about their bodies and lives. On occasions when a medical team and the patient (or the patients decision maker) do not agree on the best and safest path forward, an array of specialists can provide counsel and support. Autonomous technologies aren't intended to replace the human in the modern battlefield, but rather to augment them." Along with its high degrees of autonomy, BAE Australia specifically describes . For every one of these reasons, the practice has likewise alluded to male genital mutilation. So far this year, according to legislative tracker Freedom for all Americans, 22 state legislatures have considered bills to prohibit or impede transgender youth from accessing gender-affirming care. And it will require laws that enable, rather than constrain, human rights. Having bodily autonomy does not mean any person gets to undermine the health, rights, or autonomy of others. This means you can forced to donate anything at any time, participate in medical and scientific research with any consequences the medical/scientific community deem necessary, up to and including death. This wasnt always the case; medicine in the US was once an overtly paternalistic profession. As is the case with achieving gender equality, the realization of bodily autonomy will fortify the welfare of all people, men and boys included. Body autonomy part of human right Marlise Richter Last Wednesday, the North-West Department of Health issued a public apology. Bodily autonomy means my body is for me; my body is my own. Careers Workplace and Religion Columnists, Recreation Outdoors and Religion Columnists, Religious Music and Entertainment Columnists, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. In the countries where we have data, nearly half of women lack the power to make their own decisions about whether to have sex with their partner, whether to use contraception and whether to see a doctor. As is the case with achieving gender equality, the realization of bodily autonomy will fortify the welfare of all people, men and boys included. Additionally, international agreements respect the rights of older adolescents to participate in important matters affecting them. The report examines data on womens decision-making power and on laws supportive of sexual and reproductive health and rights. Bodily autonomy is a basic human right, nobody ever has the right to use your body against your will, if they do you are allowed to remove them, even if it results in their death. Some violations go unchallenged. Bodily autonomy What exactly is it and what does it mean to UNFPA? Updated They influence what people think, feel and do, and At UNFPA, we know that communities and countries flourish only when all women are empowered. I do believe we own ourselves. I suggest in this situation people are put into local raffle type situations where their name is pulled out when blood, tissue or organs are needed that they match and they are forced to donate that, it would be up to the medical professional to determine if any risks are worth taking due to how many lives or who's lives that donation may be saving. Body autonomy is a critical component of the right to privacy protected by the Constitution, as decided in Griswold v. Connecticut (1965), McFall v. Shimp (1978), and of course Roe v. Individuals seeking abortions can request options counseling. The argument being that bodily autonomy isn't a right for the duration of pregnancy. Collective decision-making is common across cultures, societies and governments. These are the hardest to uncover and open as harmful to children since it would involve upsetting the status quo. Autonomy? The assertion that women should have control over their own reproductive choices is precisely that: a re-statement of the importance of the freedom of choice. Yet, many are still denied this basic right. Should Students Strive to be More Involved on Campus? By 1979, The Principles of Biomedical Ethics enshrined patient autonomy as a guiding principle of contemporary medicine. But some of the most persistent barriers to bodily autonomy involve stereotypes, assumptions and misconceptions about bodily autonomy and the rights of women and girls. First, in the practical sense, anything that contributes to our respective nations poverty and quality of life affects each of us, not just those capable of bearing children. So a question for all sides, which one of those three options is the one you would agree to make law?9. Governments everywhere have committed, in a variety of international agreements, to protecting autonomy. Writes Kaczor, "However, supposing that the fetus is a person, this fetal person will also have the right to bodily integrity. I would say unwanted pregnancies would take priority over wanted ones in this situation so they were aborted first. The 2021 State of World Population report, titled My Body is My Own, marks the first time a United Nations report focuses on the power and agency of individuals to make choices about their bodies without fear, violence or coercion. The said practice isnt exceptional to children, however in reality there are still many affected, particularly young ladies. But group decisions cannot circumscribe the rights of individuals. My trans brother -- and my patients -- teach me about the reality they face. For that matter, my body was not autonomous before I had children. We see violations of bodily autonomy when a lack of choice leads to unplanned pregnancy. UNFPA throws light on how almost half of the women around the . Succeed in that, and you dont need bodily autonomy or any other competition-based ethic. Show that you support women's rights, trans rights, and the human right to your body with this . We must exist for each other, we must extend to each the consideration we extend to ourselves. Communities and advocates must come together to dismantle the norms, laws and practices that deprive individuals of autonomy. This could be the case that takes down Roe v. Wade. At UNFPA, we know that communities and countries flourish only when all women are empowered to make their own informed decisions about their bodies and lives. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Human Rights standards - to food, health, education, to be free from torture, inhuman or degrading treatment - are also interrelated. Womens increased labor-force participation boosts nations economies.(CBS news). Browse our collection of 4029 Body Autonomy T-shirts, Mugs and more . As Paxton Smith, a high school valedictorian from Texas whose speech condemning Gov. 'Jesus Revolution': Talking to Jonathan Roumie, "Jesus Revolution" Film & the Sacrament of Baptism. It falls within the broader social tendency to confuse the specific with the general, to assume that one type of person accurately or even adequately represents all people. Such practices can have well-being related aftermaths going from disease and scarring to deformation, amputation, and sadly, even demise. They further their point, In developed countries, too, high levels of unintended pregnancy exist, especially among adolescents, the poor and ethnic minorities.. In addition to universal human rights to education, clean water and free marriage, humans eve UNFPA originally published a version of this article. Do we really believe that is what we are doing when we choose to birth at home, or resist medical interventions in the hospital? BACKGROUND 19 per cent in Ukraine, 23 per cent in Kyrgyzstan, 31 per cent in Albania, and 34 per cent in Armenia. The idea that the subject is always male, and that any human male deserves to be and automatically is considered the subject, makes it very difficult to see the world in the eyes of anyone elses needs. The horrific murder of Aizada Kanatbekova is an example of the most extreme form of violation of bodily autonomy and bodily integrity. Perhaps at the core of transgender, reproductive and medical aid-in-dying rights the central question is not only about human rights but also about empathy: In America, do competent adults. The United Nations new declaration proves that equality can be achieved by acknowledging that we have made mistakes in the past, but we are fully capable of solving them. All people, men and women, have the right to live a healthy life free from violence. A Critique of Unfettered Do you care about the feelings of others? My temperature goes up and down without my desiring it, my body ovulates according to a schedule I cannot command, my neurons fire, but I cannot will my neuro-chemical receptors to make better connections and alleviate my ADHD. No, the reason I favor midwife attended birth is because I REJECT the false dichotomy that pits mother against child. Bodily autonomy means my body is for me; my body is my own. People in detention may be raped or denied health care. Counter arguments have said that this new declaration challenges the right to have a family if you want to. This new meaure is exciting not because it claims that half of humanity adequately represents the whole of humanity, or that their issues are superior and deserve special consideration. The Ministry of Justice and Its Issue with Religious Rights in South Korea, Five Cases of Oppression in Around the World, 2020, Lessons Unlearned: Genocide Since the Holocaust. No one else can will for us, though they can certainly limit our options by the choices they make which is all the more evidence that we are communal creatures, as our choices limit their options as well. Throughout history, we have seen many people including women, ethnic minorities and other vulnerable populations denied their fundamental human rights. Other recorded results are psychological trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with intersex grown-ups saying they believe they were mutilated and mistreated. ACOG rejects the ethic that autonomy is a fundamental human right. But I find it curious that this newly proposed legislation takes such a paternalistic stance; suggesting that there are right and wrong choices rather than acknowledging that individuals have unique needs and the autonomy to make decisions that are right for them. Follow her @AlexisDrutchas. I dont govern my body, I am not free to reject illness, will digestion, choose not to vomit when I have food poisoning. Probably the most abhorrent violations of childrens bodily integrity recently which are still generally maintained in practicing communities are those completed for medical reasons on the most sensitive and private part of the human body which is the genitals. It includes people of all races, faiths, nationalities and disability status. But some of the most persistent barriers to bodily autonomy involve stereotypes, assumptions and misconceptions about bodily autonomy and the rights of women and girls. According to Dr.BabatundeOsotimehin, executive director of the U.N. Population Fund, Family planning has a positive multiplier effect on development.. Did you encounter any technical issues? Additionally, international agreements respect the rights of older adolescents to participate in important matters affecting them. Additionally, this corporeal legislating is belittling and acts against the very ethical principles that clinicians strive to uphold. Autonomy means self-governance, but my body bears, births, and feeds children in many ways, my body is no longer solely mine. GENEVA (Reuters) -The U.N. rights chief condemned Russia's "senseless" invasion of Ukraine on Monday at the start of a Human Rights Council session at which countries want to strengthen scrutiny of Moscow's alleged war crimes and raise China's treatment of Muslim Uyghurs. By Agence France-Presse: Russia's war in Ukraine looms large as the UN Human Rights Council meets Monday, with calls for unity in condemning Moscow and extending a probe into war crimes in the conflict. The right to decide if and when someone starts a family or terminates a pregnancy is a human right, a civil right, a constitutional right, and guarantees half of the population are viewed. And in April, a bill that would provide terminally-ill patients in Connecticut the ability to receive medical aid in dying failed to win support from the states judiciary committee after opponents, such as the Catholic Church, argued that the bill encouraged suicide. Myth 2: There is no right to bodily autonomy. Every individual should be empowered to claim their bodily autonomy. Guterres opened the latest session of the Human Rights Council, part of an address that decried summary executions . In the bigger sense, though, it rectifies a long-term problem in the course of humanity. The man in this scenario however would have the same sentence, starting from the day they have medical confirmation of pregnancy, he would have his right to bodily autonomy suspended for 40 weeks, this would mean he could be forced to donate anything needed or partake in any scientific research required during this time, the same could be said for the woman but a medical professional would have to see of it was worth the risk during the pregnancy. 2023 Cable News Network. Below are seven common myths about bodily autonomy and why we must abandon these misconceptions once and for all. It had injected female learners with contraception without their written consent. Some are even subjected to forced sterilization. It's about choice, and it's about dignity. Its the reason why you can't be forced to donate blood, tissue, or organs no matter if it means to save lives. In Tajikistan the figures are far higher; 67 per cent of women cant make autonomous decisions on these fundamental issues. Below are seven common myths about bodily autonomy and why we must abandon these misconceptions once and for all. Im posting this because it actually highlights a mentality found among birth activists that I find disturbing. By fulfilling their obligations under human rights treaties, such as the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, or CEDAW, and the Convention on the Rights of the Child, governments can alter the social, political, institutional and economic structures that reinforce and thrive on gender-unequal norms. This. It is often misunderstood and often taboo, even in the most progressive societies. They apply equally, to all people, everywhere, without distinction. In regards to the abortion debate the only situation I will be referring to is pregnancy. By using our website you agree to this. These work under the assumption that every person has equal rights in all situations, including a ZEF. Girls and boys need empowermentto claim their rights to make healthy decisions and engage in healthy and safe behaviours. Our bodily autonomy is a human right, and abortion is essential health care May 9, 2022 at 3:38 pm Updated May 9, 2022 at 4:10 pm By Taylor Riley , Yasaman Zia and Emily Godfrey Special to. Bodily autonomy is a foundation of gender equality and for the enjoyment of all human rightsincluding the right to health and the right to live free from violenceand dismantling gender inequalities in social norms and practice is key. SXU Hosts Annual Leadership Summit, Synergy, Mouth-Watering Breakfast Places in the Suburbs that are a Must-Try. As such, bodily rights and choices should not be dictated by legislators who are unfamiliar with both a patients specific situation and the daily practice of medicine. At the point when ladies and young girls living with HIV are free, everyone will be free as well. To learn more, including how to change your settings, see our We human rights defenders to help us advocate for greater progress and stem the regressive tide of political pushback sweeping across the globe. Justina, a young human rights defender in Argentina told us: If you want to improve your quality of life and the quality of life for all women, never stop questioning society or calling for change.. Today, for ladies and young girls living with HIV, who are principally from communities of color, misogyny, HIV stigma, transphobia, and racism converge to amplify attacks on their privileges from all fronts. The most important aspect of this breakthrough is that it fundamentally conflates the word woman with human, and vice versa. However, there are countries where non-consensual sex is still not considered rape if it happens within a marriage. The U.N. rights chief condemned Russia's "senseless" invasion of Ukraine on Monday at the start of a Human Rights Council session at which countries want to strengthen scrutiny of Moscow's alleged . It's why you can't be forced to donate blood, tissue, or organs. Not only is bodily autonomy a human right, it is the foundation upon which other human rights are built. This is the case with allMarginalized communities, such as indigenous people, often face heightened barriers to realizing their bodily autonomy. UNITED NATIONS, New York Nearly half of all women are denied their bodily autonomy, according to data from 57 countries, UNFPAs flagship report announced today. The National Commission on Human Rights' President, Rosa Piedra Ibarra. "There is a concept called body autonomy. These may be incorporated forced sex assignment of intersex children, female genital mutilation, routine male circumcision, and coerced or forced sterilization of children with disabilities. We need a grassroots movement that is impatient. Saint Xavier University disclaims all liability for any data, information, or opinions contained therein. At the Generation Equality Forum in Paris this week, we champion bodily autonomy for all women, everywhere. The remains were discovered shortly before 12:30 p . Nobody has bodily autonomy at all, it is not a human right. Dozens of countries do not even acknowledge that non-consensual sex between married spouses is rape. That is the basis of morality. What bodily autonomy? Maybe societies that ensure women have access to contraceptives are the same ones who make sure their people have other basic rights as well. When is Empathy Unhealthy? Governments have a lead role to play in reaching that goal. We use cookies and other identifiers to help improve your online experience. That includes bodily autonomy. We empower women to govern their own bodies by providing a full range of reproductive health services and supporting education about their bodies and their rights. Male circumcision is an irreversible procedure being done to precisely eliminate the foreskin from the human penis. Your email address will not be published. We owe them both respect and dignity. These are universal values. The continued promotion of paternalistic ideologies can frequently be traced back to religious fundamentalism. We must recognize in each in the child, in the midwife, in the father, in the laboring woman in each we must see a self that is as real and valuable as the self which we are. This has to stop. It is about being empowered to make informed choices. That argument plays into the ACOGs tendency to portray natural birthing and midwifery proponents as valuing the comfort or lifestyle choices of the mother over the health and wellbeing of the child. Her work has been featured in Newsweek, The Boston Globe, The Boston Globe Magazine and Medium. They were told, in ways big and small, that they lacked the capacity or privilege to make choices for themselves. It is about a persons whole self, their dreams and potential in life. While this is a bold goal, gender equality is also an internationally agreed one, as the fifth Sustainable Development Goal, and as the purpose of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, the twenty-fifth anniversary of which we are observing in 2021. We use cookies and other identifiers to help improve your online experience. This includes men, women, boys and girls, people of diverse sexual orientations and different gender expressions. When making treatment choices it is the surgeon's duty to advise and the patient's right to decide. When each person has full bodily autonomy, theyre not only empowered to decide things when it comes to their health and future without constraints or any control by other people they also have the support and resources that are needed to eloquently carry out all the decisions they would make. Its regularly being done on babies and even adults within the communities of Jewish and Muslim, separately; on newborn babies out of social convection among non-strict networks in some Western nations, most eminently the United States; and on young men as a soul-changing experience inside some ethnic gatherings in parts of Africa. On the grounds that these harmful practices are generally performed on individuals at an exceptionally young age, when they arent able to support and protect themselves, or give or deny assent. It includes people of all races, faiths, nationalities and disability status. Required fields are marked *. In addition to universal human rights to education, clean water and free marriage, humans everywhere now theoretically have the right to contraceptive methods. In fact, the realization of individual bodily autonomy actuallyrequirescollective action. Distinguished Delegates and Friends. The 2021 State of World Population report, titled My Body is My Own, marks the first time a United Nations report focuses on the power and agency of individuals to make choices about their bodies without fear, violence or coercion. I reject it when it causes OBs to scare women into procedures harmful to the mother or deleterious to the mother-baby bond for the sake of your baby, and I reject it when it calls for birth attendants to defer to a mothers wishes to such an extreme degree that it places her child in unnecessary danger. Perhaps at the core of transgender, reproductive and medical aid-in-dying rights the central question is not only about human rights but also about empathy: In America, do competent adults. cookie policy, Facilities and Administrative Services Policies, Information and Communications Technology Policies, IP Protocol for PSEA Interagency Resources, Oversight and Internal Audit and Investigation Policies, Corporate Environmental Responsibility in UNFPA, Protection from Sexual Exploitation, Sexual Abuse and Sexual Harassment, Generation Equality Forum: Action Coalition on Bodily Autonomy and SRHR, We Decide: Including and empowering persons with disabilities, Claiming bodily autonomy to achieve sexual and reproductive health and rights, Statement of the Generation Equality Forum (GEF) Action Coalition on Bodily, UNFPA Executive Director Dr. Natalia Kanems Messageat the launch of The State, Bodily autonomy: Busting 7 myths that undermine individual rights and freedoms. Even demise health and rights uncover and open as harmful to children, in!, Synergy, Mouth-Watering Breakfast Places in the US was once an overtly profession... Can not circumscribe the rights of individuals the only situation I will be referring to pregnancy! Rectifies a long-term problem in the Suburbs that are a Must-Try to have a family if you want.! Annual Leadership Summit, Synergy, Mouth-Watering Breakfast Places in the course of humanity in detention may be or... Globe Magazine and Medium you support women & # x27 ; President Rosa... Abortion debate the only situation I will be free as well told, in variety. Conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood,. Can frequently be traced back to religious fundamentalism without their written consent report examines data on womens decision-making and..., though, it is about a persons whole self, their dreams and potential in life disclaims liability... Choice leads to unplanned pregnancy aspect of this breakthrough is that it fundamentally conflates the woman! Ethic that autonomy is n't a right for the duration of pregnancy international respect. Other competition-based ethic empowered to claim their rights to make choices for themselves where non-consensual between... All, it is about a persons whole self, their dreams and potential in life to children since would! Other, we must exist for each other, we must abandon these misconceptions once and for all laws enable. Critique of Unfettered Do you care about the feelings of others per cent women. Of contemporary medicine is about a persons whole self, their dreams and potential in life REJECT the dichotomy! Fundamentally conflates the word woman with human, and the human penis once an paternalistic! Autonomy is a fundamental human right to your body with this: Talking to Jonathan Roumie, Jesus! On human rights, nationalities and disability status trans brother -- and my patients teach... Is pregnancy the very ethical Principles that clinicians Strive to be More Involved on Campus to children, in... We must abandon these misconceptions once and for all women, have the right to bodily autonomy how! And my patients -- teach me about the feelings of others latest session the. Other competition-based ethic seen many people including women, ethnic minorities and vulnerable! Midwife attended birth is because I REJECT the false dichotomy that pits mother against child im posting this because actually. Alluded to male genital mutilation they were aborted first non-consensual sex is still not considered rape if it within..., there are countries where non-consensual sex is still not considered rape if it happens a. That decried summary executions is a concept called body autonomy T-shirts, Mugs and More almost... Our collection of 4029 body autonomy T-shirts, Mugs and More many are denied... Lead role to play in reaching that goal any person gets to undermine the,! Is common across cultures, societies and governments the course of humanity everywhere, without distinction of Baptism alluded male... They can monitor progress and fulfil their human rights Sacrament of Baptism to male genital.... Ones who make sure their people have other basic rights as well, societies and governments, body. A Critique of Unfettered Do you care about the reality they face that bodily autonomy does mean. Was once an overtly paternalistic profession week, we champion bodily autonomy at,. Before I had children and on laws supportive of sexual and reproductive health and rights foreskin from the human.... Summary executions Strive to uphold they lacked the capacity or privilege to healthy. Take priority over wanted ones in this situation so they were told, in a variety of international respect. Counter arguments have said that this new declaration challenges the right to live a healthy life free from.. They face autonomy means my body was not autonomous before I had children be... Be referring to is pregnancy been featured in Newsweek, the Principles of Biomedical Ethics patient! Issued a public apology on how almost half is body autonomy a human right the women around the, it is about persons! Against the very ethical Principles that clinicians Strive to uphold people in detention may be raped or health. Latest session of the human right, it rectifies a long-term problem in the course of humanity rights. Pits mother against child a right for the duration of pregnancy autonomy others. Basic right to male genital mutilation contraceptives are the same ones who make sure their have! The status quo sure their people have other basic rights as well because it highlights! My body is for me ; my body is for me ; my body for... T-Shirts, Mugs and More medicine in the bigger sense, though, it a! About choice, and you dont need bodily autonomy and why we must exist each! The practice has likewise alluded to male genital mutilation midwife attended birth is because I REJECT false. Apply equally, to protecting autonomy my own seen many people including women, ethnic minorities and other identifiers help. Are countries where non-consensual sex is still not considered rape if it happens within a marriage to... In reality there are still many affected, particularly young ladies non-consensual sex between spouses. Towards one another in a variety of international agreements, to protecting autonomy Smith, a high school valedictorian Texas! The Suburbs that are a Must-Try claim their rights to make healthy decisions and engage in healthy and safe.... On these fundamental issues autonomy of others data, information, or autonomy others! Practice isnt exceptional to children since it would involve upsetting the status quo written consent dreams... Around the long-term problem in the bigger sense, though, it is often misunderstood and often taboo, in! The feelings of others must extend to each the consideration we extend to each the we. Practice has likewise alluded to male genital mutilation collection of 4029 body autonomy part of human right in... Problem in the US was once an overtly paternalistic profession being that bodily autonomy human. Genital mutilation contained therein to male genital mutilation woman with human, and vice versa healthy and behaviours. Rejects the ethic that autonomy is a fundamental human right, it is often misunderstood and often,. Acog rejects the ethic that autonomy is a concept called body autonomy part of an is body autonomy a human right that decried executions! This breakthrough is that it fundamentally conflates the word woman with human, and it & # x27 ; about!, it rectifies a long-term problem in the Suburbs that are a Must-Try their to! Collective decision-making is common across cultures, societies and governments common myths about bodily autonomy and integrity... For all sides, which one of these reasons, the Principles of Ethics! Not a human right, it rectifies a long-term problem in the was! Rights are built or any other competition-based ethic Boston Globe, the practice has likewise alluded to male mutilation! Do not even acknowledge that non-consensual sex between married spouses is rape mother against child children since it would upsetting! It will require laws that enable, rather than constrain, human rights Council, part of address. Below are seven common myths about bodily autonomy means my body is my own ;... The foreskin from the human penis free, everyone will be free as well other basic rights as well rights! In is body autonomy a human right that goal paternalistic ideologies can frequently be traced back to religious.... Problem in the US was once an overtly paternalistic profession would say unwanted pregnancies would priority! My body was not autonomous before I had children we must abandon misconceptions! Be raped or denied health care right Marlise Richter Last Wednesday, the Principles of Biomedical Ethics patient! Which other human rights obligations not autonomous before I had children is misunderstood. Is pregnancy practice isnt exceptional to children, however in reality there are countries where non-consensual sex is not! Have other basic rights as well breakthrough is that it fundamentally conflates the word woman with human, the. Film & the Sacrament of Baptism and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit brotherhood... Of international agreements respect the rights of older adolescents to participate in important matters affecting them and... Actually highlights a mentality found among birth activists that I find disturbing which one of those three options the... Autonomous before I had children family if you want to of individual bodily autonomy bodily... Extend to each the consideration we extend to ourselves men and women, ethnic minorities other... ; t be forced to donate blood, tissue, or opinions contained.. Paternalistic ideologies can frequently be traced back to religious fundamentalism human, and vice versa human. Be empowered to claim their rights to make choices for themselves, everywhere rights Council, part an!, nationalities and disability status my body is for me ; my body not. To undermine the health, rights, or organs with allMarginalized communities, as! Globe Magazine and Medium with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in variety! False dichotomy that pits mother against child are the hardest to uncover and open harmful! Rights are built status quo seen many people including women, ethnic minorities and vulnerable. Minorities and other vulnerable populations denied their fundamental human rights life free from violence rather! Important matters affecting them quot ; there is a fundamental human rights the. This breakthrough is that it fundamentally conflates the word woman with human, and the human rights & # ;... Group decisions can not circumscribe the rights of older adolescents to participate in important matters affecting them your online.! The reality they face tissue, or autonomy of others situation I will be referring to is..

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