/ModDate (D:20131230000155+10'00') Allocating resource revenues directly to citizens may reduce poverty and improve natural resource revenue accountability, though it may also starve the government of revenues for public investments. >> /Image97 76 0 R This charge generates more than $100 million in revenue each year. /Meta53 50 0 R /Parent 2 0 R 2018. AMA is one of the most resourced MMDAs Therefore, the following three areas should be examined: In addition, the city should refer back to the results of the citizen sentiment survey conducted during the preparatory stage to help inform the assessment of social acceptance. /Resources << /Meta78 65 0 R As an alternative to benchmarking, cities could also determine the cost of services and then establish a cost-plus pricing model to generate additional revenues. All major sources of revenue have grown in real dollars since 1977, with charges seeing the largest increase in percentage terms ($132 billion in 1977 to $575billion in 2019, or a 337 percent increase) and transfers seeing the largest increase in total dollars ($263 billion in 1977 to $762 billion in 2019, or a 189 percent increase). B)`g5(^S1,=ql&{YwEzLgH`g\zwnka \ji2(-.$(ULd\y=fUgW +Oq^!PEcmht?&TV)nP-kqs+Y: >> % Even though what the local government had generated from internal and external sources have impacted the area to an extent, local government finance system i.e. endobj What are state rainy day funds, and how do they work? 0000003348 00000 n Sarah Jindra, Chicagos ticket amnesty program begins today, WGN9, November 10, 2015, wgntv.com. In addition, elected officials must strike a tricky balance between raising taxes and fees and maintaining public support. /Parent 2 0 R /StructParents 2 The role that local governments can play in revenue generation will clearly depend on decisions about the overall system structure. /Type /Page University Press. /Contents 79 0 R /GS7 17 0 R Last, municipalities could increase revenues by implementing higher fees for faster processing times or better service. >> /Type /Page How do phaseouts of tax provisions affect taxpayers? revenue (IGR) is the revenue that the local government generates within the area of its jurisdiction. /F4 23 0 R It also excludes revenues from government's "business-like" activities such as water, gas, electricity, and transit utilities; government-run liquor stores; and government-administered insurance trusts such as employee retirement, unemployment compensation, and workers compensation systems. Part of Springer Nature. /Type /Page /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] The revenue generated is utilized by states and its functional departments for meeting the expenditures on infrastructure, public transportation, sanitation, legal systems, public safety, education, health care systems, military . << /Parent 2 0 R Each time, the city brought in $7 million to $9 million in revenue. /Producer (iText 1.3 by lowagie.com \(based on itext-paulo-153\)) This category involves enhancing internal effectiveness of city teams to generate more revenues without visible impact to the public. /F1 20 0 R 15 0 obj www.iiste.org. A., & Adewoye, J. O. The contribution of property taxes to general revenue declined from 34 percent in 1977 to 30 percent in 1979, fell to a low of 27 percent in 2000, then returned to 30 percent in recent years. In Los Angeles, for instance, developers can obtain an expedited engineering permit for a surcharge of 40 percent of the permits cost. /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] Nchuchuwe, F. F. Local government finance in Nigeria in Olojede, I., Fajonyomi, B., & Fatile, J. What policy reforms could simplify the tax code? Tax is a compulsory levy imposed by government on individuals and companies, for the various legitimate function of the state (, Tax is a necessary ingredient for civili"ation. . Strategic control and revenue generation: A critical success factor in local government using the balanced scorecard. <>stream xZs8hI6mzumvwn:ul7 z?0{v8,Vjq.W?_/NOfSXbyqhu0r}z2/6r>YmM%`@NUOv- Performance meetings should be scheduled on a weekly basis to track revenue generation and build ownership. /Parent 2 0 R revenue allocation among federal, state and local governments in the country. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /XObject << /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] 11. /F1 20 0 R We also look into the future in an. What would and would not be taxed under a national retail sales tax? (Exhibit 1). There is no one route that cities can or should take to boost revenues. A limited number of charges and taxes ensures higher social acceptance and minimal collection leakage. %PDF-1.4 % endobj /Group << 203 copies of the questionnaire were administered to staff of Ikorodu local government who were simple randomly selected of which 188 (92.6%) were retrieved while 15 (7.4%) copies were not retrieved. When the State increased the income tax rate in 2011 it did not share the increased revenues with local governments. Predicting Municipal Fiscal Distress: Aspiration or Reality? Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. /Type /Group /Group << xref As such, it should have a seat on the revenue committee as well as the authority to define roles and responsibilities to track the revenue generated across different municipalities. Hb``$WR~|@T#2S/`M. 7, 192209. endobj >> Please email us at: 68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas by 2050, says UN, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, May 16, 2018, un.org. /Resources << /Type /Page McKinsey_Website_Accessibility@mckinsey.com. incentive from a state or local government and are encouraged to claim the Advanced Manufacturing Investment Credit, a separate incentive administered by the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the Internal Revenue Service that provides a federal income tax credit for qualifying ca pital investments in a facility for which /Type /Group /Image8 18 0 R stream <> Lucy Dadayan (reports are updated quarterly), Surveying State Leaders on the State of State Taxes Most cities have yet to unlock the full potential of their existing revenue sources, let alone tap into new streams. What characteristics make fiscal stimulus most effective? Revenue has been found to be nose diving from time to time due to the weakness in the control framework that exists in the public sector. University of Lagos Press. What is the difference between carryover basis and a step-up in basis? <]>> However revenue generation by communities dates back to 1986 when central government requested the local . What did the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 do? >> /Font << Given state and local tax revenuevolatility resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, and the large amount of federal transfers approved by Congress, particularly as part of the American Rescue Plan, these numbers will probably look different for fiscal years 2020 and 2021, but Census has not yet published that data. << /Image87 74 0 R Much of the change in local government revenue relative to the economy resulted from increasing and decreasing transfers from federal and state governments. /S /Transparency %%EOF What are tax expenditures and how are they structured? /S /Transparency Revenue from property, sales, and other taxes totaled $707 billion, or 42 percent of general revenue. Wendthat,incitieswherearelativelyhighershareofrevenueiscollectedthrough nes, fees, and asset forfeitures, violent crimes are cleared at a relatively lower rate, 3 /Meta82 68 0 R the enabling law in form of local government act 1997 (amended). /S /Transparency Taxes provided 49 percent of state general revenues in 2019, including: Charges, such as tuition paid to a state university, payments to a public hospital, and tolls on highways, when combined, provided another 11 percent of state general revenues in 2019. Principles of leadership. Randall, Megan, Tracy Gordon, Solomon Greene, and Erin Huffer. (*(%8H8c- fd9@6_IjH9(3=DR1%? How have the sources of revenue for state and local governments changed over time? The maximum curtailed power was 963 MW, and the total annual curtailed energy generation was 560 million kWh, with a . What is the experience of other countries with national retail sales taxes? /F2 83 0 R /Type /Catalog /Tabs /S How does the federal tax system affect low-income households? << >> The challenge of local government financing in developing countries Meanwhile, revenue from sales taxes steadily increased from 5 percent to 7 percent between 1977 to 2017 (figure 2). 7 At the same time, most states place restrictions on local property taxation, with limits that fall into three main types: rate limits, assessment limits, and levy limits. /Meta43 34 0 R /Tabs /S Revenue generation is the main source of income to the Federal, State and local Governments. The survey research design was adopted for this study, with 414 staff of Ikorodu local government area as the population of the study. /Resources << How are different consumption taxes related? The reforms #hich gave recognition to, the local level #ere ta$en care of. Essentials of management. Lucy Dadayan and Kim Rueben (2021), More Than Fines and Fees: Incorporating Equity into City Revenue Strategies /Group << What are health reimbursement arrangements and how do they work? essential social services to the people. Cities could also increase value from unused land plots through monetizing them either as lease contracts or through other more innovative publicprivate partnership structures, such as joint development agreements or joint ventures (Exhibit 4). Local governments in Nigeria have developed over a number of years. The usual practice in this country (Nigeria) is that political parties and individual candidates often make /Font << 3 0 obj How does the earned income tax credit affect poor families? The Political Economy of Colonialism and Nation-Building in Nigeria pp 325343Cite as. A 2016 study conducted by the Australia Institute concluded that the Finnish model would yield a 12 percent increase on average in the value of fines issued by five states in Australia. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. /Tabs /S Urban Institute, Brookings Institution, and individual authors, 2022. /S /Transparency Babcock University Press. This can be accomplished through moves that wont adversely affect public opinion or a citys competitiveness in attracting businesses and economic development. >> The quest for development has for a long time been a very important stage in human life. What are inversions, and how will TCJA affect them? Who would qualify for return-free filing? This research work examines how the federal Government of Nigeria generate revenue and the development of Local Government Areas, Revenue Generation and the Development of Local Government Areas, 100% found this document useful (8 votes), 100% found this document useful, Mark this document as useful, 0% found this document not useful, Mark this document as not useful, Save Revenue Generation and the Development of Local Go For Later. /Image91 75 0 R To mobili"e and utili"e both human and material resources by engaging the. Why do low-income families use tax preparers? What tax incentives exist to help families save for education expenses? A third lever is optimizing collection and audit processes to increase collection rates and minimize leakage. /F1 20 0 R <> /Type /Page Revenue has been found to be nose diving from time to time due to the weakness in the control framework that exists in the public sector. an increment in revenue generation capacity of MMDAs (Ohemeng & OfosuDarkwah, 2014), the notion that egovernment enhances revenue capacity of state institutions is contentious and needs further investigation. Taxes, fees, and user charges are considered "own-source" revenue. How did the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act change business taxes? /Meta37 37 0 R All dates in sections about revenue reference the fiscal year unless stated otherwise. /Contents 29 0 R 2y.-;!KZ ^i"L0- @8(r;q7Ly&Qq4j|9 Transfers for education programs account for over two-thirds of state government transfers to localities. Revenue generation: Its impact on government developmental effort (A study of selected local council in Kogi East senatorial district). /GS31 30 0 R How did the TCJA change taxes of families with children? This need underscores the eagerness on the part of state and local governments and even the federal government to look for Intergovernmental transfers accounted for 36 percent of local general revenue in 2017 (figure 1). 9 0 obj 0000000016 00000 n Keywords: Local Government, Federalism, Revenue Allocation and Fiscal Federalism 1. /Tabs /S 2.1.2 Section 81 of the Local Government Act, 1997 (amended) allows Local Government to mobilise revenue in form thof fees and taxes as specified in the 5 schedule. /F7 26 0 R To establish this dedicated unit, cities could create a cross-functional workforce with representatives from different departments, including finance, planning, property, legislation, and key municipalities. /Type /Group How would small businesses be treated under a VAT? One of the MMDAs involved in the use of recent ICTs to assist revenue mobilization is the AMA. >> The finding revealed that there is an average relationship between local government finance and development as other factors like proper utilization and administrative competence are necessary in development. Whats the difference between front-loaded and back-loaded retirement accounts? Emerging countries and regions will see the greatest increase in their urban populations, and China, India, and Nigeria represent slightly more than a third of the projected growth in that time frame. or improve local service delivery, though the opposite can also be true. /Filter /FlateDecode But, communities are still facing a numerous difficulties in access to basic goods and services from local governments Authorities (Pradeep, 2011). The need for state and local governments to generate adequate revenue from internal sources has therefore become a matter of extreme urgency and importance. 1 0 obj /Count 10 In 2020 and 2021, Congress transferred a large amount of funds to state governments as part of the CARES Act, the Coronavirus Response and Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act (part of the December 2020 omnibus bill), and the American Rescue Plan. Accessed 18 July 2016. Cities can also raise revenues by increasing the number of transactions through various approaches. /Image8 18 0 R <> What is the tax treatment of college and university endowments? /Image95 78 0 R All revenue data are from the US Census Bureaus Annual Survey of State Government Tax Collections. 2. In addition, to help gauge the likelihood and tenor of social acceptance prior to forging ahead with implementation, cities could consider conducting a citizen sentiment survey to understand how receptive residents might be to specific changes in fee structures and charges.

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