The messages the girls hear about white superiority do not come only from the white media or light-skinned blacks like Geraldine. Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. Maginot Line. The fortifications did not extend through the Ardennes Forest (which was believed to be impenetrable by Commander-in-Chief Maurice Gamelin) or along France's border with Belgium because the two countries had signed an alliance in 1920, by which the French army would operate in Belgium if the German forces invaded. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. This passage foretells the sexual violence and oppression experienced by the female characters of The Bluest Eye. The original construction did not cover the area ultimately chosen by the Germans for their first challenge, which was through the Ardennes in 1940, a plan known as Fall Gelb (Case Yellow), due to the neutrality of Belgium. French military chiefs were dubious about their ability to win another war against Germany on its own, especially an offensive war. A co-worker and friend of Chollys during his boyhood. The Maginot Line, also called Miss Marie, could be considered either. The serpent is the largest remaining artifact from World War II. Maureen is light-skinned and wealthy. LitCharts Teacher Editions. Origin of Marie. While the accommodations weren't luxurious, the barracks and mess halls were a tremendous improvement over the mud, freezing cold and disease of WWI trenches. World War I absolutely devastated France. An advancing German army would first be spotted by camouflaged observation points hugging the German border. She takes care of the Fishers better than her own family, and there is a strange parallel between her care of the Fishers' daughter and the care of blonde dolls described by Claudia earlier in the novel. The Maginot Line (French: Ligne Maginot, IPA:[li maino]), named after the French Minister of War Andr Maginot, is a line of concrete fortifications, obstacles and weapon installations built by France in the 1930s to deter invasion by Germany and force them to move around the fortifications. [18] The French assumption was always that Germany would not go to war without conscription, which would allow the German Army to take advantage of the Reich's numerical superiority. Why does Maureen have a privilege status in the school community? on 50-99 accounts. This chain of faulty reasoning leads to their decision to procure whiskey for Frieda. He is capable of both tenderness and rage, but as the story unfolds, rage increasingly dominates. The MacTeers boarder, who has a reputation for being a steady worker and a quiet man. 2. On your tree as germany there is a focus that takes 28 days called around the maginot. Kaufmann added that before construction in October 1927, the Superior Council of War adopted the final design for the line and identified that one of the main missions would be to deter a German cross-border assault with only minimal force to allow "the army time to mobilise. Purchasing The association between spring and the pain of being beaten not only speaks to the punishment Claudia and Frieda receives at home, but in a larger sense, foreshadows the brutal events that will occur in the narrative during the Spring season, including Frieda's sexual assault and Pecola's rape. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. In 1968, when scouting locations for On Her Majesty's Secret Service, producer Harry Saltzman used his French contacts to gain permission to use portions of the Maginot Line as SPECTRE headquarters in the film. The fire control stations would give orders to the hundreds of anti-tank and heavy artillery positions that could pop out of the ground and fire from armored turrets. Winston Churchill. Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover. Artillery was coordinated with protective measures to ensure that one fort could support the next in line by bombarding it directly without harm. Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more! [18] The decision to build the Maginot Line in 1929 was a tacit French admission that without the Rhineland as collateral, Germany was soon going to rearm and that the terms of Part V had a limited lifespan. The white hunters are out of his reach; for all intents and purposes they are invincible (although later, as a grown man, Cholly learns to hate and kill white men). Frieda and Claudia are confused about what ruined means and worry that Frieda will become fat like the Maginot Line. the air battle, which lasted the into the fall of 1940. SparkNotes PLUS The prostitutes tease each other affectionately and treat Pecola with kindness, while the rest of the community treats her cruelly. However, when the Germans attacked . Born and raised in Georgia, Cholly is abandoned by his mother when four days old, and taken in by his Great Aunt Jimmy. There were places along the cable where dismounted soldiers could connect to the network. The line was built in several phases from 1930 by the Service Technique du Gnie (STG), overseen by Commission d'Organisation des Rgions Fortifies (CORF). As an ally of France, they got advice on the Maginot design and applied it to Czechoslovak border fortifications. In her distress, Mrs. MacTeer sings about a place far from Loraine, Ohio, signifying a desire to escape her current situation. [I] settled down to just being ugly.". When The Maginot Line asks if the girls are looking for someone, Claudia explains they are looking for Pecola. Soaphead Church, whose real name is Elihue Whitcomb, is a man of mixed race from the Caribbean. . Sensitive and delicate, she passively suffers the abuse of her mother, father, and classmates. She becomes sole breadwinner while Sammy and Pecola are still young. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. I seem to recall you are new to the game. My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class., Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account. The old women of the community, matriarchs described with great reverence by the narrator, take care of Aunt Jimmy and she seems to get better. Sometimes it can end up there. She makes fun of Claudia and Frieda and tries to get them into trouble, and they sometimes beat her up. The French had been building state-of-the-art fortresses and fortified cities along the German border for centuries. His proclivity for young girls is foreshadowed earlier when he has Frieda and Claudia search his body for the magic penny, but as Claudia tells us then, they have fond memories of Henry despite what he has done. [25] Besides the demographic reasons, a defensive strategy served the needs of French diplomacy towards Great Britain. The narrator of parts of the novel. Behind them were minefields and tank traps made from row after row of porcupine-like iron girders that would cripple armored vehicles. He blames God for the suffering and waste in the world, particularly in his own life, and then he congratulates himself for having granted Pecola's wishhis magic, he believes, will work, although only Pecola will be able to see the blue eyes that she has been given. When he returned, Mr. and Mrs. MacTeer attacked him. His mother vanishes, and his father had already skipped town before Cholly was born. Best summary PDF, themes, and quotes. Stewart, Amber ed. Indeed, Belgium feared it would be sacrificed in the event of another German invasion. The fact that certain modern fortresses had held out against German artillery during World War I, as well as the admitted saving in military manpower, induced France to build the celebrated Maginot Line as . Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. Their father's reaction, while violent, demonstrates the love he has for his family, which is contrasted later when Cholly rapes Pecola, simultaneously failing to protect her and acting as the aggressor. Keep in mind, says Kirchubel, that the French didn't believe that the Maginot Line alone could win another war with Germany. $24.99 First-person narrative by Claudia MacTeer. Elihue's own education brings him into contact with the Western canon, but in these great works he understands only what he wishes to see. Gros Ouvrages: These fortresses were the most important fortifications on the Maginot Line, having the sturdiest construction and the heaviest artillery. But this may not be a fair characterization. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. "With the Maginot Line, Joffre's idea was to take these fortifications that France had had for 200 years and bring them into the mid-20th century," says Kirchubel. The fights become more and more violent. The Maginot Line is a historic meme, a shrine to the failure of fixed defenses in the age of tanks and planes. March 1, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 Andr Maginot finally convinced the government to invest in the scheme. The activity described include the combing of the little white girl's hair, dressing her, drawing a baththe kind of simple activities Claudia was expected to participate in with her own little blonde doll. Mrs. Breedlove sticks her head out the door, is introduced to the girls, and tells them they can wait with Pecola for the laundry and then walk back to town with her. After a long series of failures in his studies and migration, Elihue has settled in Lorrain and become the local fortune teller/sorcerer. She then comforts the little white girl and begins to clean the black stain off of her pink dress. Renews March 8, 2023 Built between 1930 and 1940, France 's Maginot Line was a massive system of defenses that became famous for failing to stop a German invasion. By the time Germany invaded Poland in 1939, it was clear to French military leaders that they had greatly underestimated the speed and ruthless efficiency of the German blitzkrieg. Maginot was another veteran of World War I; he became the French Minister of Veteran Affairs and then Minister of War (19281932). The petits ouvrages were generally made up of several infantry bunkers, connected by a tunnel network with attached underground facilities, such as barracks, electric generators, ventilation systems, mess halls, infirmaries and supply caches. China, Poland, and Miss Marie These women are the local prostitutes in Loraine, Ohio. Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account. In 1939 U.S. Army officer Kenneth Nichols visited the Metz sector, where he was impressed by the formidable formations which he thought the Germans would have to outflank by driving through Belgium. [15] The German statement following The Manchester Guardian's article that Germany did not feel bound by the terms of Versailles and would violate them as much as possible gave much offence in France. The design of the casemates is similar to the ones found in the southern part of the Maginot Line, and photographs of them are often confused with Maginot forts. They realize the other prostitutes are not fat, and based on their mother's gossip about the prostitutes believe the reason for this is because they drink whiskey. All are Anglophiles who try to expunge any trace of the African in themselves. In 1940 German Army Group B, a force of around 1 million men and 1,500 crossed the Ardennes and across the River Meuse. Please copy/paste the following text to properly cite this HowStuffWorks.com article: Walter Sanders/The LIFE Picture Collection via Getty Images, Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group via Getty Images. Mrs. Breedlove's reflection in the white furnishings symbolically represents her desire to be white and embody whiteness. But when Hitler and the Nazis rose to power in the early 1930s, they quickly backed out of the Treaty of Versailles and began equipping for a much different kind of war. [26] Germany had to import most of its iron, rubber, oil, bauxite, copper and nickel, making naval blockade a devastating weapon against the German economy. Check out the Hackenberg Maginot Fort, now a military museum offering tours, and the Schoenenbourg Fort. on 50-99 accounts. It may be, though, that such an accusation coming from girls she thought might be innocent only makes the accusation more painful for Miss Marie. "The Maginot Line was never meant to fight the war by itself. The line has since become a metaphor for expensive efforts that offer a false sense of security.[1]. It was preceded by anti-tank obstacles made of metal rails planted vertically in six rows, with heights varying from 0.701.40 metres (2ft 4in 4ft 7in) and buried to a depth of 2m (6ft 7in). While most of the giant underground fortresses of the Maginot Line were abandoned or destroyed, you can visit a few of them, still in working order. Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. French engineers even constructed emergency dams and levees that could flood the surrounding fields to further slow the German attack. That resulted in "the media exaggerating their descriptions by turning the line into an impregnable fortified position that would seal the frontier". We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more! Frieda and Claudia decide to ask Pecola to get whisky from her father in order to keep Frieda from getting fat. He goes to Macon, where his father supposedly resides. She seems to see herself as an aggressor, but she has also suffered in her life. Pauline describes the first steady job she landed, working as a housekeeper for an ungenerous and pretentious white family. From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. To push Germany into an effort to circumvent via Switzerland or Belgium. Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? A quiet, elderly woman who serves as a doctor in the community where Cholly grows up. [31] Stephen Ambrose wrote that in January 1945, "a part of the line was used for the purpose it had been designed for and showed what a superb fortification it was." [55] It was also frequently referenced in wartime films, notably Thunder Rock, The Major and the Minor (albeit as a comedic metaphor) and Passage to Marseille. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. She is given to fussing aloud and to singing the blues. After that, her marriage with Cholly deteriorates rapidly. It was part of a bigger plan to force a German attack through Belgium. This section is arguably the most successful part of the novel. A third-person omniscient narrator describes Cholly's life. As a. Her courtesy and hospitality are real, but she has no patience for the girls' disrespect. The last line of defense was the Maginot Line's massive ouvrages, each large enough to hold 500 to 1,000 permanent troops. Under the Treaty of Versailles, France was to occupy the Rhineland region of Germany until 1935. Flood Zones were natural basins or rivers that could be flooded on demand and thus constitute an additional obstacle in the event of an enemy offensive. who had replaced Neville Chamberlain as a prime minister. Claudia suggests that they try to get Pecola to help them find some whiskey, reasoning that Pecola should be able to help them because Cholly is always drunk. Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. Although we are told that Cholly has no sense of fatherhood because he never knew his own parents (a statement which emphasizes social forces rather than Cholly's choices), we are also told repeatedly that Cholly is dangerously free. Teachers and parents! For the girls, their mother's word is law: they dislike Marie based on their mother's dislike of Marie. These colossal concrete "works" packed heavy firepower and were connected to nearby stations by underground rail lines to shuttle men, weapons and supplies. However, the French line was weak near the Ardennes Forest. He feels a mix of tenderness and hatred as he rapes Pecola, the tenderness confused and misapplied. In January 1923, after Weimar Germany defaulted on reparations, the French Premier Raymond Poincar responded by sending French troops to occupy Germany's Ruhr region. 5. For the girls, the beauty of the homes likewise signifies their worth and the worth of the people who live in them. Maginot Line, elaborate defensive barrier in northeast France constructed in the 1930s and named after its principal creator, Andr Maginot, who was France's minister of war in 1929-31. Claudia's response reveals the injustice she feels with regard to the little girl's gesture, and the violent tendencies such feelings inspire. The largest was the French Maginot Line, a system of mammoth, self-contained forts stretching from Switzerland to the vicinity of the Belgian frontier near Montmdy. The rejection by Samson Fuller is a turning point in Cholly's life: "Abandoned in a junk heap by his mother, rejected for a crap game by his father, there was nothing more to lose." Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! On 19 May, the German 16th Army captured the isolated petit ouvrage La Fert (south-east of Sedan) after conducting a deliberate assault by combat engineers backed up by heavy artillery, taking the fortifications in only four days. In the 17th century, from his luxurious palace at Versailles, Louis XIV oversaw the construction of citadels and fortresses meant to mark and protect the Sun King's territory. The problem was that Hitler and his generals abandoned the "static" style of WWI fighting for a far more mobile blitzkrieg attack that punched a hole into France through Belgium and the Netherlands. But after a few days of following M'Dear's prescription, Aunt Jimmy eats a peach cobbler and dies. She treats the girls with some kindness, telling them that Pecola is with Mrs. Breedlove at the house where Mrs. Breedlove is a servant. The Maginot Line Two score and six years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand, delivered a speech that would forever mark how America viewed race relations. The Maginot Line: Actually a Good Idea. [27] For economic reasons, the success of the strategy of la guerre de longue dure would at the very least require Britain to maintain a benevolent neutrality, preferably to enter the war as an ally as British sea power could protect French imports while depriving Germany of hers. He goes from being the young lover to the naked black boy, forced to go on with sex while two bigger and stronger men watch. GradeSaver, 27 August 2019 Web. They were also accommodated in complexes of wooden housing adjacent to each fortress, which were more comfortable than living inside, but were not expected to survive wartime bombardment. The thick-walled forts and casemates of the Maginot Line withstood direct hits from German bombers as they were designed to do, but the real action happened far away from that solid line of defense. [26], About 55 percent of overseas imports arrived in France via the Channel ports of Calais, Le Havre, Cherbourg, Boulogne, Dieppe, Saint-Malo and Dunkirk. There are 142 ouvrages, 352 casemates, 78 shelters, 17 observatories and around 5,000 blockhouses in the Maginot Line.[a]. Outpost and Support Point line: Approximately 5km (3mi) behind the border, a line of anti-tank blockhouses that were intended to provide resistance to armoured assault, sufficient to delay the enemy to allow the crews of the C.O.R.F. The main fortifications of the line were still mostly intact, many commanders were prepared to hold out, and the Italian advance had been contained. These outposts covered the main passages within the principal line. The Maginot Line was designed to resist attacks by aerial bombardment, artillery and ground forces. When Cholly is in his early teens, Great Aunt Jimmy becomes sick, and an old seer-like black woman named M'Dear warns her that to get better she must drink nothing but pot liquor. The Maginot Line was impervious . While an understanding of the Line's creation is vital to any study of World War I, World War II, and the period in between, this knowledge is also helpful when interpreting a number of modern references. He humiliates Cholly and turns his back on him, returning to his game of dice. [41] Kaufmann and Kaufmann comment that it was an unintended consequence of Andr Maginot's efforts to "focus the public's attention on the work being done, emphasising the role and nature of the line". He lives in Macon, Georgia, and is short, balding, and mean. (including. [49][42], When the French Army failed in Belgium, the Maginot Line covered their retreat. Discount, Discount Code They find the house and see Pecola sitting on the stoop outside. They go to Pecolas house, but no one is home. It's possible to see an unsettling connection between the blonde dolls and the blonde daughters of families that employ black servants: in playing with little blonde dolls, black girls must either pretend the child is theirsand so negate their own race and deny their own beautyor they must pretend that they, like Pauline, are servants caring for the children of white employers. His desire to poison the animal stems solely from his own hatred of the beast, and his racial self-loathing prevents him from offering any sound counsel to Pecola. Cholly knows nothing of love and little of faithfulness or family. | on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% Safety Quarters were built near the major fortifications so fortress (ouvrage) crews could reach their battle stations in the shortest possible time in the event of a surprise attack during peacetime. Mr. Henry, an adult male character, forces Frieda into womanhood. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. Pecola, not knowing that the meat is poisoned, brings it to the dog. Such accusations are unfounded". How long did it take to built the maginot line? Heavy rail artillery was hauled by locomotives to planned locations to support the emplaced artillery in the fortresses, which was intentionally limited in range to 1012km (67mi). Their misinterpretation highlights their innocence. It was a series of bunkers, forts, turrets, and obstacles that spanned more than 450 miles of France's border with Germany. The hot pie filling burns Pecola's legs painfully, but when Mrs. Breedlove returns and sees the mess she runs to Pecola and backhands her, knocking the girl down. "They cashed in their chips. Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! Claudias mother, an authoritarian and sometimes callous woman who nonetheless steadfastly loves and protects her children. Rgiments d'artillerie de position (RAP) consisted of static artillery units. The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. Just six weeks after Hitler began his land invasion of the country, France surrendered to Germany. In Did you have a question about the first chapter of Bluest Eye. Renews March 8, 2023 The Maginot Line ( French: Ligne Maginot, IPA: [li maino] ), named after the French Minister of War Andr Maginot, is a line of concrete fortifications, obstacles and weapon installations built by France in the 1930s to deter invasion by Germany and force them to move around the fortifications. Her neighbors are Miss Marie, who goes by the name "the Maginot Line"; China; and Poland. Ace your assignments with our guide to The Bluest Eye! $24.99 creating and saving your own notes as you read. The section closes with Pauline talking about her failed marriage, and how once he was capable of making her happy, in life and in bed. The fortifications were built as a result of experiences from the . By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. To put this geography into perspective, Germany is not much bigger than the state of Wisconsin. Following the Munich Agreement and the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, the Germans were able to use the Czech fortifications to plan attacks that proved successful against the western fortifications (the Belgian Fort Eben-Emael is the best-known example). Mr. MacTeer: Claudia's father, Mr. MacTeer, is not present often in the book. They also misinterpret Mrs. MacTeer's words and attempt to avert Frieda's "ruin," misunderstanding the words of adults. So look for a guy on youtube called feedback gaming. She is affectionate but physically in decay. 20% However, after France had failed to counter the German remilitarisation of the Rhineland, Belgiumthinking that France was not a reliable allyabrogated the treaty in 1936 and declared neutrality. As a mature women, she has a different understanding of the word from that of the innocent girls, which makes it more painful and triggers her violent reaction. Principal line of resistance: This line began 10km (6mi) behind the border. Line of fortifications along the French/German border, 1927: Allied Control Commission abolished. The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. Sadly, Maureen uses what they admire against them, she even taunts Picola with Bluest Eye study guide contains a biography of Toni Morrison, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis. The family does not pay Pauline the last bit of money they owe her. Why did the French build the line? [2] French and British officers had anticipated the geographical limits of the Maginot Line; when Germany invaded the Netherlands and Belgium, they carried out plans to form an aggressive front that cut across Belgium and connected to the Maginot Line. [26] Of French trade, 35 percent was with the British Empire and the majority of the tin, rubber, jute, wool and manganese used by France came from the British Empire. Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. Claudia wonders, almost enviously, how being touched in this way feels, but Frieda rejects this questionwhat is important is not how she feels but what has been done to her and how her parents react. You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. Between 1930 and 1940, the Maginot Line Construction cost France a total of 3 billion francs. The theme of love's scarcity can be seen in the treatment of Marie and the other prostitutes, whose names recall their vulnerable status. While the Germans built a fleet of bombers and armored vehicles for their mobile blitzkrieg strategy, the French were putting the finishing touches on their very large and static underground fortresses. Somewhat like "line in the sand" it is also used in non-military situations, as in "Reagan's budgetary Maginot Line."[56]. When the Allied forces invaded in June 1944, the line, now held by German defenders, was again largely bypassed; fighting touched only portions of the fortifications near Metz and in northern Alsace towards the end of 1944. It was composed of an intricate system of strong points, fortifications and military facilities such as border guard posts, communications centres, infantry shelters, barricades, artillery, machine-gun and anti-tank-gun emplacements, supply depots, infrastructure facilities and observation posts. After examining the conditions of Pauline's life, her misery seems a foregone conclusion. The genius behind these innovative fortifications was Sbastien Le Prestre de Vauban, who designed dozens of strongholds, including the magnificent fortified town of Neuf-Brisach in the contested Alsace-Lorraine region bordering Germany. . Spring arrives, and Claudia associates this event with being whipped with a switch instead of a strap. 11. LitCharts Teacher Editions. The location of the Siegfried Line lies on the border of Germany and France. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. Those feelings are gone now, and she thinks less and less about them. The pie that should become a pleasant memory for Pecola will only be a pleasant memory for the little white girl"Polly" exerts all her effort in trying to make the house of the white folks feel like a home. Decide to ask Pecola to get whisky from her father in order to keep Frieda from getting.! As a housekeeper for an ungenerous and pretentious white family is a man of mixed from. Signifying a desire to escape her current situation his mother vanishes, and more is arguably the most part. Increasingly dominates of faithfulness or family and the Schoenenbourg Fort, when the Maginot design and applied it to border... Or more Code they find the house and see Pecola sitting on the Maginot, tenderness. First steady job she landed, working as a prime minister the people who live them... Line alone could win another war against Germany on its own, especially an offensive war, each enough... Real, but she has also suffered in her life 's response reveals the injustice she feels with to. Kindness, while the rest of the African in themselves in the white media or light-skinned blacks like Geraldine government... To review and enter to select game of dice is law: they dislike based! The state of Wisconsin is short, balding, and Miss Marie These women are the local fortune.! Of both tenderness and rage, but she has no patience for the girls, their mother 's dislike Marie... Force a German attack through Belgium renew your subscription and AVOID being CHARGED, you MUST BEFORE... Marie These women are the local prostitutes in Loraine, Ohio character, forces Frieda into womanhood about first! And rage, but she has no patience for the girls '.... Maginot Fort, now a military museum offering tours, and they sometimes beat her up after. Live in them and classmates in did you know you can highlight text to take a note TRIAL is... Frieda will become fat like the Maginot Line asks if the girls the. Frontier '', symbols, characters, and the violent tendencies such feelings inspire & # x27 ; s,. Family does not pay Pauline the last bit of money they owe her [ I ] down... The little white girl and begins to clean the black stain off of her dress. Classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover of another German invasion a man! Was never meant to fight the war by itself grows up Pauline the last Line of defense the! Of around 1 million men and 1,500 crossed the Ardennes and across the River Meuse Germany into an to. Bit of money they owe her off of her mother, father Mr.. Maureen have a question about the first steady job she landed, working a... 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Saving your own notes as you read also misinterpret Mrs. MacTeer sings about a place far Loraine! Less and less about them to redeem their group membership why is miss marie called the maginot line Claudia & # x27 ; s,! Review and enter to select during his boyhood could flood the surrounding fields to further slow the German border centuries! Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select studies and migration, Elihue has settled Lorrain...